 Introduzione
Come Si Arriva Plane
Bologna Guglielmo Marconi International Airport is located 6km (4 miles) northwest of the city centre. There are two passenger terminals. All arrivals are to terminal A. European and domestic departures use Terminal A, while international departures use terminal B. Many airlines fly out of the airport connecting the city with all major Italian and European destinations. The Aerobus runs to Bologna train station every 15 minutes (journey time approximately 20 minutes). Tickets cost 4.50euro and are available for purchase on the bus. Taxis to the city centre cost 15-18euro, depending on traffic.
Train
Bologna's train station, Bologna Centrale, is located at Piazza Medaglie d'Oro, in the north of the city. The fastest service linking Bologna with Milan (journey time - 2 hours), Florence (journey time - 1 hour), Rome (journey time - 3 hours) and Naples (journey time - 5 hours) is the high-speed Eurostar. The EuroCity train service links Bologna with more than 40 other European destinations including Paris, Basel and Brussels. See the Trenitalia website for train schedules.
Car
Italy has an excellent selection of motorways or autostrada (A), the main north-south link being the autostrada del sole, which links Milan with Reggio di Calabria. From Milan, take the A1 motoway to Bologna-Borgo Panigale. From Venice or Padua take the A13 motorway to the Bologna-Arcoveggio exit. From Florence, take the A1 motoway to Bologna-Casalecchio. If coming from Rimini and the Adriatic coast take the A14 motoway to the Bologna-Arcoveggio exit.
Bus
There are over 30 coach service providers operating to and from Bologna's recently revamped coach terminal, Autostazione di Bologna, Piazza XX Settembre 6 just around the corner from the train station. Coaches (pullman) from regional centres such as Ferrara and Modena arrive at this station. There are also long-distance services from Milan and Ancona and international services from London, Paris and Frankfurt.
History and Culture
It was declared a free city by the Emperor Henry V in 1116, and thereafter became a member of the Lombard League and took an active part in the struggle against Frederick Barbarossa in 1164. The Imperial School of Bologna, which is said to have been in existence as early as the fifth century, became a university in the 11th century - the oldest in Europe - and attracted students from many countries; at the end of the 13th century Bologna was one of the top 10 cities of Europe.
The noble families of the town, who were in constant conflict with the Papacy, managed to assert their authority in the 14th century, but in 1506 Pope Julius II was able to incorporate the town in the Papal State. In 1530 Charles V was crowned Emperor here - the last imperial coronation on Italian soil.
Chiese e Musei
Named after the city's patron saint, the Basilica of St Petronius is Bologna's largest house of worship and dominates Piazza Maggiore with its imposing pockmarked facade. Begun in 1392, and continued until the 1600's, when the roof and apse were completed. The basilica was originally intended to be larger than St Peter's in Rome. Plans came to a halt, however, when the pope refused permission for such a grandiose scheme. The facade has remained unfinished. Carvings in the central door, depicting scenes from the Old and New testaments, are by Sienese artist Jacopo della Quercia between 1425 and 1438. Inside, a brass meridian in the floor of the north aisle forms an ingenious solar clock - a small hole in the roof allows the sun to shine on the correct spot. Tradition has it that when the sun's rays fall in the shape of a heart, it is time to seek a husband. Models of the “finished” church can be seen in the Basilica Museum.
Basilica di Santo Stefano
The Basilica di Santo Stefano is a group of four churches remaining from an original seven. The triangular piazza before the basilica is on the swish Via Santo Stefano, a residential area for Bologna's wealthy, lined with the elegant facades of their palazzi. On the right stands the 11th-century Romanesque Chiesa del Crocefisso (Crucifix) and the octagonal Chiesa del Santo Sepolcro (Holy Sepulchre), with a shape suggesting it started life as a baptistry. The Chiesa del Crocefisso houses the bones of San Petronio. Legend has it that the basin in the small courtyard is the one in which Pontius Pilate washed his hands after he condemned Christ to death. In actual fact it's an 8th-century Lombard artefact.
Basilica di San Pietro
Founded in 910, there is a 1575 choir by Pellegrino Tibaldi and a nave, remodeled in Baroque style from the 17th century. The church contains some fine treasures, including two marble lions from the Romanesque doorway, a “Mourning of Christ” and an “Annunciation of Our Lady” by I. Carraci. Beyond the choir is the Archbishop's Palace.
Basilica of San Domenico
The 1251 church of San Domenico was built to house the remains of Saint Dominic, founder of the Order of Preachers (Dominicans), are buried inside the exquisite shrine Arca di San Domenico, made by Nicola Pisano and his workshop, Arnolfo di Cambio and with later additions by Niccolo dell' Arca and the young Michelangelo.
San Francesco
In Piazza Malpighi, to the west of the town center, is the Gothic church of San Francesco, built 1236-63 on the model of French churches, with a tower erected 1397-1402. It contains a large Gothic marble altar (1388).
San Luca
The Sanctuary of the Madonna di San Luca is a very notable site, located just outside the main city on the Colle della Guardia (Guard Hill). Built in the 11th century and much enlarged in 14th and 18th centuries. The interior contains works of different masters but probably the most important is the painting of the Madonna with Child attributed to Luke the Evangelist. It is connected to the city walls by the world's longest portico, or covered walkway, made up of 666 arches.
Museums
The Jewish Museum was opened in time for Bologna's year as a European City of Culture in 2000 and represents an important element in the system of Jewish Museums in Emilia Romagna. Although Bologna was the second city of the Papal States to force Jewish people to live in a particular part of the city (the ghetto), their historical and cultural contributions to the region were extensive. The state-of-the-art museum presents an awareness of both the greater Jewish identity and that within Emilia Romagna.
Pinacoteca Nazionale
The National Picture Gallery, tucked away under the arcades in Via Belli Arti, celebrates the city's artistic and spiritual past from the 14th to the 16th century. Although often overlooked, the Counter-Reformation prompted an exceptional school of Bolognese artists, most notably Guido Reni and the Carracci brothers. Among the Italian old masters, Raphael's Ecstasy of St Cecilia and El Greco's Last Supper should not be missed.
Museo Morandi
In 1993 the Morandi Museum was opened on the upper floor of the Palazzo d'Accursio. On display are over 200 paintings, water-colors, drawings and etchings by the Bolognese painter G. Morandi (1890-1964), mainly donated by his family. His studio has also been reconstructed here together with his extensive library.
Museo Civico Archeologico
To the south of San Petronio, in Via dell'Archiginnasio is the Archeological Museum, with a collection of prehistoric and Etruscan material from the surrounding area, and other antiquities; the museum has the finest Egyptian department after those of Turin and Venice (Rooms III-V). The Greek department (Room VI) contains a head of Athena Lemnia (copy of a work by Phidias, fifth century B.C.).
Historical buildings and monuments
In the middle of the Piazza di Porta Ravegnana the Two Towers are among the city's most recognisable landmarks. In the 12th and 13th centuries, the noble families of Bologna raised over 100 towers across the city in successive attempts to outdo each other. Of the 20 medieval skyscrapers that survive today, the Asinelli and the Garisenda towers are Bologna's most famous. The taller of the two, the 97.6m (320ft) Torre degli Asinelli (built either in 1109 or 1119), can be climbed and offers spectacular views of the city. Torre Garisenda 48m (157ft), was cut down to size in the 14th century, at the request of Giovanni Visconti da Oleggio, when her stoop threatened to topple her.
Fontana del Nettuno
This fountain is the work of Flemish sculptor Jean Boulogne de Douai (known to posterity as Giambologna) and based on a design by Palermitan painter Tommaso Laureti. Lit up at night, the shadow of the mighty bronze Neptune looms across the Piazza, his trident clasped firmly in his left hand and a fish squirming beneath his foot. At his heel, four angels representing the four winds playfully blow water through their pipes. Below, the four voluptuous sirens symbolise the four continents (as speculated at the time). Visitors should look out for the spectacular audiovisual installation that was opened in summer 2002, just across from the fountain. British director Peter Greenaway was involved in the high-tech project, with various stages in the story of Bologna triggered off by passers-by, using a system of sensors.
The Archiginnasio
Behind San Petronio, in Piazza Galvani, is the Archiginnasio, a gracious old building that was formerly the university and is now one of the largest municipal libraries in Europe. Its painted halls are stacked high with rare leather-bound volumes too delicate to touch and entry is strictly limited, to avoid overloading the sagging floors. Fans of Rossini should take a look at the Stabat Mater Room (open in the morning only), named in honour of the famous composition by Rossini that was performed here for the first time on 18 March 1842. The main reason to make the trip, however, is to see the wood-panelled medical faculty dissection theatre, the Teatro Anatomico, which originally dates from the 18th century. It was destroyed by wartime bombing and has been completely restored, using as much of the original wood as possible. Photos on display show the extent of the war damage.
Places of Interest
In the 12th century the Jewish people were already present in Bologna, they built this ghetto in 1556. It was an area where Jews were forced to live and which they could not leave from sunset to dawn. The area was closed by gates watched by guards and had to be entered by the means of two large walls full of portals in Via Zamboni and Via Oberdan, even today the marks of the hinges are still visible. The architectural enviroment in the ghetto has conserved intact the evocative nature of the narrow, labyrinthical streets such as the Via dei Giudei (the street of the Jews), Via dell'Inferno (Hell Street), and Via Valdonica.
Climb to San Luca Church
The portico, built in the 18th century, starts from Via Saragozza and leads to the sanctuary with a route lasting almost four kilometers, which starts on flat ground and ends at 220 meters on Colle della Guardia. From here there are spectacular views of the city.
Eventi
Art First, an exhibition covering all modern trends in the contemporary art world. Young galleries, publishing houses, artistic institutions and enthusiasts convene in the Italian city for a comprehensive programme.
Carneval - Feb-Mar
A celebration of excess before the fasting of Lent, with parades, balls and costumes and particularly the huge feasts.
Bologna Festival - March-May
The Bologna Festival was founded in 1982 and is one of the most prestigious musical events of the internacional scheme. Its programme combines monographical events with pieces of the Settecento-Ottocento, early music and the most recent tendencies of the contemporary musical research, and it also offers theatre and dance spectacles.
Celebrations of Madonna di San Luca - 6th Sunday of Easter
The most important religious festival in Bologna is held in Easter on the Saturday before the fifth Sunday after Easter, and the following Wednesday and Sunday. There is the procession of the image of the Madonna and Child into the city. The practice began after the image was brought to Bologna in 1433 and the heavy rains miraculously stopped. Since then, the image of the Madonna is brought through the city to the Basilica di San Petronio, the celebration closes with the solemn return procession of the image to the Sanctuary.
Cinema Ritrovato - April
Retrospective film festival, Cineteca Comunale.
Artelibro - September
Artelibro Festival del Libro d’Arte has reached its 4th edition, which will be held in, in Palazzo Re Enzo, Palazzo del Podesta and the Archaeological Museum. The festival covers art books ranging from gift books to exhibition catalogues, advertising graphics, multimedia publishing, scientific journals, children's art books, photographic, fashion and collector's antiquarian books. There are also high-profile exhibitions, lectures, readings, book presentations, debates and workshops.
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